dec 20th
thanks to dr kalyan
i am beginning to like the 'aryan tourist theory' more and more every day.
today, white guy tourists go to various countries, marry the locals and live there on their social security money.
similarly, the 'aryans', using some primitive form of social security, came to india on tourist visas, married and settled down. they then taught their wives sanskrit and the vedas as well as how to make stone seals of the horses that they had brought 'thundering over the khyber pass'.
the 'dravidians', who couldn't stand all this civilizing kindly provided by the 'aryans', abandoned their brilliantly engineered cities, and ran away to the south. (the 'civilizing' is much like the christists later building the railways in india for their own military and commercial benefit and charging indians the full cost of it + christist petty shopkeeper profit. yeah, it was all for indians' benefit or the 'dravidians' benefit, really.)
yeah, that's the ticket. that explains why there are no signs of battle in the indus-sarasvati areas supposedly colonized by the touring 'aryans'. the 'dravidians' just looked at the superior white guys, got scared and ran away.
and see, for the benefit of the marxists, this paper even has a co-author from the AQ Khan institute in pakistan. therefore it must be true, no? and a couple of the stanford researchers are of chinese ethnicity. so the paper must absolutely be true, no?
btw, it has cavalli-sforza's name on it as well. kidding aside, he's one of the world's leading geneticists.
---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Srinivasan Kalyanaraman
Subject: Nailing the coffin of AIT/AMT: genetic study confirms indigenous origins
The URL is:
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/preprints/AJHG42812.preprint.pdf
The American Journal of Human Genetics, Posted: Dec. 16, 2005 This finding
complements the earlier genetic studies summarised by Dr. Chandrakant Panse
(16 Sept. 2005) -- see below
Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in
India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor
Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists
Sanghamitra Sengupta,1 Lev A. Zhivotovsky,2 Roy King,3 S. Q. Mehdi,4
Christopher A. Edmonds,
3 Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow,3 Alice A. Lin,3 Mitashree Mitra,5 Samir K. Sil,6
A. Ramesh,7 M. V. Usha Rani, 8 Chitra M. Thakur,9 L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza,3
Partha P. Majumder,1 and Peter A. Underhill3
1Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India; 2N. I.
Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow;
3Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford; 4Biomedical and
Genetic Engineering Division, Dr. A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories,
Islamabad; 5School of Studies in Anthropology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla
University, Raipur, India; 6University of Tripura, Tripura, India; 7
Department of Genetics, University of Madras, Chennai, India; 8Department of
Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India; and 9B. J.
Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
Received July 26, 2005; accepted for publication November 3, 2005;
electronically published December 16, 2005.Although considerable cultural
impact on social hierarchy and language in South Asia is attributable to the
arrival of nomadic Central Asian pastoralists, genetic data (mitochondrial and
Y chromosomal) have yielded dramatically conflicting inferences on the
genetic origins of tribes and castes of South Asia. We sought to resolve
this conflict, using high-resolution data on 69 informative Y-chromosome binary
markers and 10 microsatellite markers from a large set of
geographically, socially,
and linguistically representative ethnic groups of South Asia. We
found that the
influence of Central Asia on the pre-existing gene pool was minor. The ages
of accumulated microsatellite variation in the majority of Indian
haplogroups exceed 10,000[image: –]15,000 years, which attests to the
antiquity of regional differentiation. Therefore, our data do not support
models that invoke a pronounced recent genetic input from Central Asia to
explain the observed genetic variation in South Asia. R1a1 and R2 haplogroups
indicate demographic complexity that is inconsistent with a recent single
history. Associated microsatellite analyses of the high-frequency R1a1
haplogroup chromosomes indicate independent recent histories of the
Indus Valley
and the peninsular Indian region. Our data are also more consistent with a
peninsular origin of Dravidian speakers than a source with proximity to the
Indus and with significant genetic input resulting from demic
diffusion associated
with agriculture. Our results underscore the importance of marker
ascertainment for distinguishing phylogenetic terminal branches from basal
nodes when attributing ancestral composition and temporality to either
indigenous or exogenous sources. Our reappraisal indicates that
pre-Holocene and
Holocene-era[image: —] not Indo-European[image: —]expansions have shaped the
distinctive South Asian Y-chromosome landscape.
Paper presented by Dr. Chandrakant Panse at the Human Empowerment Conference
(HEC), Houston, Texas, USA; Sept 16 – 18, 2005:
DNA, GENETICS & POPULATION DYNAMICS: DEBUNKING THE ARYAN INVASION PROPAGANDA
Summary: The so-called Aryan invasion, an idea designed to divide the Hindus
of Northern and Southern Bharat, was never supported by any concrete
evidence and yet was elevated to the stature of a theory. It has been pushed
in secondary school textbooks as a dogma. Science now conclusively rejects
any notion of any Aryan invasion of the Indian subcontinent.
I. Background
Study of changes (mutations, insertions) in chromosomal DNA is very
difficult due to its magnitude. In humans, the egg contains 22 chromosomes
plus the X sex chromosome, and the sperm has similar 22 plus either the X or
the Y sex chromosome. An XX combination in the embryo ensues a female, and
an XY a male. There are some 3 billion DNA base pairs in the 46 chromosomes
in a human cell. Studying changes as markers in only the Y chromosome can be
simpler, but traces only the male ancestry.
Cells contain mitochondria, structures where oxygen is utilized. A
mitochondrion has its own DNA, only 16,569 base pairs long, and entirely
independent of the chromosomal DNA. Following mutations in the mtDNA is thus
significantly easier, but traces only female ancestry as the mitochondria
are descendants of the egg, with no contribution from the sperm.
Attempts at linking of populations through insertions of repeat sequences
are underway (1), but call for abundant caution because sampling errors,
numbers of markers employed, choices of markers, statistical models selected
for analysis, etc., influence the results of such studies (2). More
importantly, polymorphism (different alleles, or slightly different forms of
the same gene) subjected to local positive selection can result in
convergent evolution, the reverse also holds true, and these can lead to
abnormal conclusions regarding histories of populations (2). Attempts to
demonstrate similarities amongst Asian and European gene pools not only
suffer from such drawbacks in spite of vigorous statistical analysis, but
also can be explained by multiple mechanisms (3).
II. North & South Bharatiyas Share mtDNA, Which Is Distinct From That of
Europeans
Extensive sequencing and statistical analysis of a part of mtDNA which has
sustained mutations (the mitochondrial hypervariable region I, HVR I), from
reasonable sample sizes, has shown that certain sequences dominant in Europe
are uncommon in India, and when found, are almost equally divided amongst
the North and South Indians. Conversely, there are sequences common to both
the North and South Indians which are uncommon in Europe (4). These data
have been used to estimate the time of diversion of the peoples of Europe
and Asia in the Pleistocenic era (4), emphasizing that these are
phylogenically different peoples (5).
III. North & South Bharatiyas Share Tissue Antigens, Distinct From Those of
Europeans
All diploid human cells express a set of proteins on their surfaces, HLA-A,
B and C, which can be unique to an individual. They are coded for in the
major histocompatibility complex of genes (MHC class I) on chromosome 6.
These are the proteins which are recognized as non-self by the immune system
in transplant rejection, and are variously called transplant antigens,
phynotypic markers, cell-surface markers, etc. All of these proteins in all
persons have identical structures and functions, yet can be distinguished
from others. Not all 6 class I antigens (3 each from paternal and maternal
copies of chromosomes 6) may be unique to an individual; some are identical
or similar. MHC class II proteins (DP, DQ, DR) are expressed by some immune
system cells only, but may be even more polymorphic.
Analysis of the DNA sequences coding for the different forms of these
proteins (alleles) demonstrate that while populations which are closely
related, geographically or through known migrations, show similarities in
their class I and II MHC antigens, the Asians and the Europeans are
distinct, separate but equal, people (6).
Conclusion: The stark lack of similarities in the gene pools of the Indian
subcontinent and Europe, vividly evident in the mtDNA and the MHC complex,
destroys any ' Aryan invasion' notions, and confirms the genetic uniformity
of peoples of the Indian subcontinent.
Chandrakant Pansé, Professor of Biotechnology
Newton, Massachusetts, <mailto:DrCP@rcn.com> DrCP@rcn.com
Indian-Americans for Justice & Peace, <http://www.iajp.org > www.iajp.org
Credits
I gratefully acknowledge research support from my dharmapatnee Dr. Ujwala
Pansé, professor of biochemistry, and our sukanya Kumaree Anjali Pansé.
References
1. Callinana PA, Hedgesa DJ, Salema A-H, Xinga J, Walkera JA, Garbera RK,
Watkinsc WS, Bamshad MJ, et al. Comprehensive analysis of Alu-associated
diversity on the human sex chromosomes. Gene 317, 103-110 (2003).
2. Bamshad M, Wooding S, Salisbury BA, Stephens JC. Deconstructing the
Relationship Between Genetics and Race. Nature Rev. Gen. 5, 598-609 (2004).
3. Watkins WS, Rogers AR, Ostler CT, Wooding S, Bamshad MJ, Brassington AE,
Carroll ML, Nguyen SV, Walker JA, Ravi Prasad BV, et al. Genetic Variation
Among World Populations: Inferences From 100 Alu Insertion Polymorphisms.
Genome Res. 13, 1607-1618 (2003).
< http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/13/7/1607>
http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/13/7/1607 .
4. Kivisild T, Bamshad MJ, Kaldma K, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Reidla M, Laos
S, Parik J, Watkins WS, Dixon ME, Papiha SS, Mastana SS, Mir MR, Ferak V,
Villems R. Deep common ancestry of indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial
DNA lineages. Current Biol. 9, 1331-4 (1999).
5. Disotell TR. Human evolution: the southern route to Asia. Curr. Biol. 9,
R925-8 (1999).
6. Arnaiz-Villena A, Karin M, Bendikuze N, Gomez-Casado E, Moscoso J,
Silvera C, Oguz FS, Diler AS, de Pacho A, Allende L, Guillen J, Laso JM. HLA
alleles and haplotypes in the Turkish population: relatedness to Kurds,
Armenians and other Mediterraneans. Tissue Antigens 57, 308-317 (2001).
(a plea: please do not ever refer to the aryan invasion propaganda as a
"theory".)
During the deliberations (December 2005) of Curriculum Commission of
California Department of Education of a sixth grade textbook containing
references to 'Aryan Invasion/Migraiton/Influx/Trickle-in Theories',
"Commissioner Metzenberg, a biologist, objected on scientific grounds. He
said, "I've read the DNA research and there was no Aryan migration. I
believe the hard evidence of DNA more than I believe historians." *
http://www.hinduismtoday.com/hpi/2005/12/4.shtml#1*
Dr. Metzenberg read he read to the committee, from a 1999 paper by Kivisild,
et al. (Current Biology, vol 9 pp.1331-1334):
"A commonly held hypothesis, albeit not the only one, suggests a massive
Indo-Aryan invasion to India some 4,000 years ago [1]. Recent limited
analysis of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Indian
populations has been interpreted as supporting this concept [2 and 3]. Here,
this interpretation is questioned. We found an extensive deep late
Pleistocene genetic link between contemporary Europeans and Indians,
provided by the mtDNA haplogroup U, which encompasses roughly a fifth of
mtDNA lineages of both populations.Our estimate for this split is close to
the suggested time for the peopling of Asia and the first expansion of
anatomically modern humans in Eurasia [4, 5, 6, 7 and 8] and likely
pre-dates their spread to Europe. Only a small fraction of the �
Caucasoid-specific� mtDNA lineages found in Indian populations can be
ascribed to a relatively recent admixture...Thus, we have shown that the
overwhelming majority of the so-called western-Eurasian-specific mtDNA
lineages in Indian populations, estimated here to be carried by more than a
hundred million contemporary Indians, belong in fact to an Indian-specific
variety of haplogroup U of a late Pleistocene origin. The latter exhibits a
direct common phylogenetic origin with its sister groups found in western
Eurasia (Figure 1), but it should not be interpreted in terms of a recent
admixture of western Caucasoids with Indians caused by a putative Indo-Aryan
invasion 3,000 �4,000 years BP. From the deep time depth of the split
between the predominant Indian and European haplogroup U varieties, it could
be speculated that haplogroup U arose in neither of the two regions. This
split could have already happened in Africa, for example, in Ethiopia, where
haplogroup U was recently described [21]."
The full paper of Kivisild et al (1999) is available at
http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Kivisild1999a.pdf
Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasianmitochondrial DNA
lineages by T. Kivisild*, M.J. Bamshad† , K. Kaldma*, M. Metspalu*, E.
Metspalu*,M. Reidla*, S. Laos*, J. Parik*, W.S. Watkins†, M.E. Dixon† , S.S.
Papiha‡,S.S. Mastana§, M.R. Mir¶ , V. Ferak¥ and R. Villems* (Current
Biology, 199, 9:1331-1334).
See also: Deka, R. Papiha, SS Kluwer, eds., 1999, Genomic Diversity,
Academic/Plenum Publishers, Toomas Kivisild et al, The place of the Indian
mtDNA variants in the Global Network of Maternal lineages and the peopling
of the old world, pp.133-152.
http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Kivisild1999b.pdf
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
No comments:
Post a Comment